Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are natural proteins that act as the body’s frontline immune soldiers, usually known for killing invading germs. However, recent research shows that these proteins also play a major role in the brain and nervous system, where their levels spike during various neurological disorders. By reviewing a vast database of medical studies, researchers examined how these immune proteins interact with brain inflammation and how they might be harnessed to treat brain-related diseases. Ultimately, this review highlights that while these proteins are deeply connected to brain inflammation, more research is needed to unlock their full potential as targets for new neurological treatments.